Mar 28, 2024  
2019-2020 Graduate Catalog 
    
2019-2020 Graduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences


Janeen Hill, Ph.D., Dean
Laura Glynn, Ph.D., Associate Dean for Research
Ky Kugler, Ed.D., Associate Dean of Undergraduate Student Affairs
Lynn Tierney, DPT, Associate Dean of Clinical and Instructional Faculty
Michael Burney, Ed.D., Chair, Department of Physician Assistant Studies
Emmanuel John, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Physical Therapy
Naveen Jonathan, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Marriage and Family Therapy
Mary Kennedy, Chair, Ph.D., Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders

Professors: Frisch, Glynn, Hill, Kennedy, McKenzie, Peterson, Pincus, Raz, Redding, Schandler, Sumida;
Clinical Professors: Babaknia, Kugler, Tierney;
Associate Professors: Brechter, Brodbeck, Cleary, Duff, Frederick, Grant-Beuttler, Gruenwald, John;
Clinical Associate Professors: Boulware, Burney, Jonathan, Requero, Walsh;
Instructional Associate Professors: Mosconi, Sternlicht, Wilson;
Assistant Professors: Berardi, Boehm, Douglas, Fagan, Hughes, Ignasiak, Jenkins, Maoz, Moors, Robinette, Schurger, Sheppard, Smith, Soangra;
Clinical Assistant Professors: Beekman, Belinsky, Brown, Grumet, Ito, LaChance, Lal, Lesnick, Marquez, Puri, Saldivar, Seitz, Snee, Vogel, Willett;
Instructional Assistant Professors: Dana, Murali, Richards, Walker.

The Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences offers high demand, high quality graduate programs in physical therapy, marriage and family therapy, communication sciences and disorders and physician assistant studies. These programs prepare tomorrow’s healthcare professional to work as members of inter-professional teams, to incorporate technology in practice, to emphasize a bio-psycho-social perspective to understand health and disease and to inform professional practice with cutting-edge science. All programs in Crean College are distinguished by their commitment to engage graduate students in faculty-mentored student research, internships, problem-centered learning and clinical experiences.

Degrees

Doctor of Physical Therapy

Master of Arts

Master of Medical Science

Master of Science

Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy

Courses

Athletic Training

  • AT 501 - Seminar in Evidence-Based Practice I: Foundations of EBP


    Prerequisite, athletic training major. Introduction to concepts of evidence based-practice and the importance of advancing knowledge in the Athletic Training profession. The student will search for the best evidence and begin to critically analyze the evidence in a systematic manner as it relates to patient outcomes and clinical questions. (Offered summer.) 1 credit
  • AT 502 - Seminar in Evidence-Based Practice II: Research Design and Biostatistics


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Application of the concept of evidence based-practice by utilizing biostatistics in evaluating quality of evidence as it relates to patient outcomes and clinical questions. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • AT 505 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Biomechanics: Lower Extremity


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. This course on human anatomy builds upon prerequisite course work to provide a strong foundation in musculoskeletal anatomy for the athletic training student. The musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems are emphasized and include a focus on bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, cartilage, and bursae of the lower extremities. Application of knowledge is focused on the biomechanics of osteokinematic and arthokinematic function of the lower extremity. (Offered summer.) 1 credit
  • AT 506 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Biomechanics: Upper Extremity


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training program, or MS in athletic training major. This course on human anatomy builds upon prerequisite course work to provide a strong foundation in musculoskeletal anatomy for the athletic training student. The musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems are emphasized and include a focus on bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, cartilage, and bursae of the upper extremities. Application of knowledge is focused on the biomechanics of osteokinematic and arthokinematic function of the upper extremity. (Offered fall semester.) 1 credit
  • AT 510 - Emergency Management and Standards of Care in Athletic Training


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. This course focuses on the acute care and prevention of injuries and illnesses common in athletic training. Students will recognize, differentiate, and demonstrate intervention strategies for a variety of catastrophic and emergent conditions based on evidence and standards of care established within the athletic training profession. (Offered summer.) 2 credits
  • AT 515 - Introduction to Patient Care and Clinical Skills


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Introduction to clinical skills utilized to provide successful patient-care in healthcare settings. Practical application of documentation, taping and wrapping for extremities, stretching, therapeutic modalities, equipment fitting, basic care for acute injuries, and basic concussion evaluation methods. (Offered summer.) 1 credit
  • AT 520 - Therapeutic Interventions: Modalities


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Corequisite, AT 520L. An evidence-based approach to therapeutic modalities including tissue healing, cryotherapy, superficial thermotherapy, electrotherapy, ultrasound, diathermy and mechanical modalities are studied. Special consideration identifies appropriate modalities for various stages of injury management. (Offered fall semester.) 2 credit
  • AT 520L - Therapeutic Interventions: Modalities Lab


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Corequisite, AT 520. An evidence-based approach to the application and assessment of students’ skills related to therapeutic modalities including cryotherapy, superficial thermotherapy, electrotherapy, ultrasound, and mechanical modalities. Special consideration identifies appropriate documentation of patient-related outcomes. (Offered summer.) ½ credit
  • AT 529 - Experimental Course


    This course is designed to provide additional opportunities to explore experimental areas and subjects of special interest in athletic training. Repeatable if course topic is different. (Offered as needed.) ½-3 credits
  • AT 530 - Clinical Examination and Diagnosis: Lower Extremity


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Corequisite, AT 530L . This course covers functional anatomy, pathology and clinical diagnosis of musculoskeletal injuries of the lower extremity including foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, thigh and hip. A focus on documentation, differential diagnosis and the appropriate use of evidence to guide the students’ evaluation will occur. (Offered summer.) 2 credits
  • AT 530L - Clinical Examination and Diagnosis: Lower Extremity Lab


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Corequisite, AT 530 . This lab course emphasizes the instruction and assessment of hands-on clinical skills related to lower extremity injury evaluation of the patient. A focus on a one-to-one student to instructor interaction in the assessment of skills and case studies to facilitate critical-thinking and documentation skills of students will occur in this course. (Offered summer.) 1 credit
  • AT 540 - Clinical Examination and Diagnosis: Upper Extremity


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Corequisite, AT 540L . This course covers functional anatomy, pathology and clinical diagnosis of musculoskeletal and neurological injuries of the upper extremity including glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, elbow, wrist, hand and finger. A focus on documentation, differential diagnosis and the appropriate use of evidence to guide the students’ evaluation will occur. (Offered fall semester.) 2 credits
  • AT 540L - Clinical Examination and Diagnosis: Upper Extremity Lab


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. Corequisite, AT 540 . This lab course emphasizes the instruction and assessment of hands-on clinical skills related to upper extremity injury evaluation of the patient. A focus on a one-to-one student to instructor interaction in the assessment of skills and case studies to facilitate critical-thinking and documentation skills of students will occur in this course. (Offered fall semester.) 1 credit
  • AT 550 - Athletic Training Clinical Experience I


    Prerequisite, athletic training major. An introduction to clinical education experiences in the athletic training program. Includes basic application of skills including diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and documentation of patient care in various settings. Students will also develop professional behaviors and communication through collaboration with athletic trainers and other healthcare professionals. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • AT 551 - Athletic Training Clinical Experience II


    Prerequisite, integrated BS in kinesiology to MS in athletic training, or MS in athletic training major. An intermediate clinical education experience in the athletic training program. Includes intermediate application of skills including diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and documentation of patient care in various settings. Students will also practice professional behaviors and communication through collaboration with athletic trainers and other healthcare professionals. (Offered interterm.) 1 credit
  • AT 552 - Athletic Training Clinical Experience III


    Prerequisite, athletic training major. An intermediate clinical education experience in the Athletic Training program. Includes intermediate application of skills including diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and documentation of patient care in various settings. Students will also practice professional behaviors and communication through collaboration with athletic trainers and other healthcare professionals. (Offered spring semester.) 2 credits
  • AT 560 - Therapeutic Interventions: Manual Therapy I


    Prerequisite, athletic training major. Instruction and critical analysis of manual therapy techniques used in the athletic training clinical setting. Students will learn how to select and apply manual therapy techniques including myofascial release, massage, trigger point therapy, and joint mobilization to patients. (Offered interterm.) 1 credit
  • AT 565 - Health and Psychosocial Strategies


    Prerequisite, MS in athletic training major. This course enables the student to educate patients about their overall health and mental wellness strategies across the lifespan. A focus on the role of exercise and nutrition both before and after injury along with psychosocial strategies needed to assist patients who may exhibit a variety of mental health disorders. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits

Communication Sciences and Disorders

  • CSD 500 - Research Methods


    Prerequisite, CSD majors only. Research methods, design, analysis within evidence-based-practice. Evaluate research studies in communication sciences and disorders; apply results of research-based intervention in practice of speech-language pathology. Understand roles as evaluators and consumers of research, learn to critically read literature, apply findings, and identify own research to advance science. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 501 - Articulation and Phonology


    Prerequisite, CSD majors only. In-depth study of normal development of articulation/phonology, the nature and causes of abnormal articulation/phonology, and the assessment and treatment of these processes. Student develops skills in phonetic transcription of errors, administration and evaluation of articulation test results, and planning treatment procedures. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 502 - Clinical Procedures and Professional Issues


    Prerequisite, CSD majors only. Develop an understanding of the clinical process, clinical terminology, reviewing files, reviewing general disorder areas, understanding communication abilities of clients, positive and negative clinician traits, writing behavioral objectives, teaching and treatment techniques, data collection and analysis, and preparing for first clinical experience. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 503 - Language Disorders in Children


    Prerequisite, CSD majors only. Disorders of language in children ages 3-21; impact on academic performance, high and low incidence disorders; prevention, screening, assessment, identification, and treatment. Principles/techniques of assessment, intervention focus on the periods of emergent language, language for learning, advanced adolescent language, integrated with students’ clinical practicum. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 504 - Fluency


    Prerequisite, communication sciences and disorders major. This course studies detailed information regarding stuttering and fluency disorders in children and adults. Theories of stuttering will be reviewed, culminating in demonstrations of assessment and treatment of disfluency and stuttering, cluttering behaviors that interfere with communication in school or work behaviors and cause emotional stress. (Offered every year.) 2 credits
  • CSD 505 - Autism Spectrum Disorders and Early Childhood Assessment


    Prerequisite, CSD major. This course studies autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis, etiologies, and characteristics across the lifespan. Topics will include current, controversial, traditional treatments: applied behavior analysis, theory of mind, weak central coherence, “Extreme Male” theory, biomedical issues, special diets, chelation, and Pivotal Response Theory. Also includes early childhood assessment critical to diagnosis and intervention. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 506 - Neuroanatomy


    Prerequisite, CSD major. This course provides detailed information regarding the peripheral and central nervous systems as they relate to normal speech and voice production, language, cognition and swallowing. Students will gain an increased awareness of neuropathologies that contribute to neurogenic communication disorders and dysphagia. (Offered summer.) 3 credits
  • CSD 507 - Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) and Cognitive Aspects of Communication


    Prerequisite, CSD major. Course studies include augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), related assistive technology used to aid individuals with complex communication needs (e.g., severe physical impairments, sensory impairments, severe communication disorders, etc.); impact of cognitive, educational, physical, psychosocial, and linguistic aspects of human behavior on AAC use, assessment, intervention, research issues. (Offered summer.) 3 credits
  • CSD 508 - Diagnostics and Assessment


    Prerequisites, CSD major, satisfactory completion of clinical observation and enrolled in the first clinical placement. Art and science of diagnostic assessment; knowledge/skills to assess communication disorders across the lifespan; interpret assessment findings, communicate results. Test development/measurement validity, reliability, standardized scores. Active test administration; combine case history assessment information to develop client profiles leading to diagnosis, recommendation, treatment goals. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 509 - School-Based Issues


    Prerequisite, CSD major. This course studies issues experienced in the educational system where many speech language pathologists work, including understanding/appreciation of varying processes/procedures, Legislative foundations, referral/assessment process, Student Study Team, IEP process, RTI, service delivery options, state curriculum standards, specialized services, review of SLP role in public school. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 510 - Adult Language Disorders


    Prerequisite, CSD major. Detailed information regarding acquired speech, language and cognitive-communicative disorders, and the neurological conditions that cause them. Students will become familiar with procedures for assessment, treatment, and management of patients in locations ranging from the intensive care unit to outpatient services. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 511 - Disorders of Swallowing/Dysphagia


    Prerequisite, CSD majors only. In-depth study of the anatomy and physiology of the normal swallow in children and adults. Neurological and oncologic disorders which affects the swallowing process. Evaluation of the patient with dysphagia includes clinical and instrumental analysis. Treatment plans based on history and evaluation results will be designed and examined. Historical and current research and its effects upon the assessment and management of swallowing disorders. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 512 - Multicultural and Second Language Acquisition


    Prerequisite, CSD majors only. Current theories on language acquisition and practical application pertaining to culturally and linguistically diverse persons with communication disabilities. Develop cultural competence in assessment, intervention, and family/community interactions; support successful school and healthcare experiences across lifespan; will address use of interpreters and community resources for language difference, disorder, and disability. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • CSD 515 - Advanced Audiology


    Prerequisite, CSD major. This course is designed for the speech-language pathologist to understand the clinical procedures in audiology. The course will be divided into three major sections: 1) anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the ear, 2) amplification and prosthetics in audiology and audiologic rehabilitation, 3) special issues in audiology such as Auditory Processing Disorders (APD), counseling issues, and educational audiology. (Offered summer.) 3 credits
  • CSD 516 - Counseling


    Prerequisite, CSD major. This course will introduce students to the counseling skills needed by speech-language pathologists in their daily interactions with clients/patients and their families. A broad overview of counseling theories and techniques will be provided, with an emphasis throughout the course on “positive psychology” and a wellness perspective. Students will understand the emotional needs of individuals with communication disorders and their families and how communication disorders affect the family system. Counseling needs of individuals with specific disorders will be discussed, including those with fluency disorders, autism spectrum disorders, hearing loss, acquired/adult language and cognitive disorders, and congenital disorders. (Offered summer.) 3 credits
  • CSD 517 - Voice, Resonance, Craniofacial and Motor Speech Disorders


    Prerequisites, CSD 506 , communication sciences and disorders major. In-depth-study of etiology, interdisciplinary assessment, remediation of voice and motor-speech communicative impairments in children, and adults. Areas of importance include but are not limited to the etiological factors and methodology for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of functional and organic disorders of voice and neurologically based motor-speech disorders across the lifespan and in diverse populations. (Offered every year.) 5 credits
  • CSD 620 - Clinical Practicum


    Prerequisite, communication sciences and disorders major. Students will acquire 45 hours of clinical experience in both assessment and intervention in the areas of phonology, language disorders of children, fluency, and autism spectrum disorders. Clinical contact will include linguistically and culturally diverse populations across the life-span in a variety of settings. (Offered spring semester.) 1 credit
  • CSD 630 - Clinical Practicum


    Prerequisite, communication sciences and disorders majors. Students will acquire 45 hours of clinical experience in patient counseling, diagnostics, assessment, intervention for individuals with cognitive impairment and those who use, or are candidates for AAC devices. Clinical contact with culturally/linguistically diverse populations across the life-span in a variety of settings. (Offered every year.) 3 credits
  • CSD 640 - Clinical Practicum


    Prerequisites, CSD 620 , communication sciences and disorders major. Students will acquire 105 hours of clinical experience in a school-based speech and language services setting. Clinical contact will include linguistically and culturally diverse populations. (Offered every year.) 3 credits
  • CSD 650 - Clinical Practicum


    Prerequisites, CSD 506 , CSD 510 , CSD 511 , CSD 620 , CSD 630 , CSD 640 , communication sciences and disorders major. Corequisite, CSD 517 . Students will acquire 105 hours of clinical experience in health-care/medical setting. Clinical contact will include specialty areas of aphasia, cognitive-communication disorders, dysphagia and motor speech disorders with linguistically and culturally diverse populations. CSD 650 may include a paid clinical internship in a health-care setting. (Offered every year.) 3 credits
  • CSD 660 - Clinical Practicum


    Prerequisites, CSD 620 , CSD 650 , communication sciences and disorders major. Students will acquire 105 hours of clinical experience in paid externship in health-care or school setting. Clinical contact will include linguistically and culturally diverse populations. Students in CSD 660 may focus on a specialty area: voice, cranio-facial disorders, cognitive disabilities. (Offered every year.) 1 credit
  • CSD 670 - Directed Research Experience


    Prerequisites, CSD 500 , graduate standing, communication sciences and disorders major, consent of instructor, and completed HIPPA and/or CITI training. Graduate students in CSD will learn how to engage in research activities including but not be limited to investigating the identification, assessment, management and treatment of communication differences and disorders. Activities can include reviewing the literature and generating measurable hypotheses, completing human subjects applications for institutional review, recruiting research participants, collecting and managing data, and analyzing data. P/NP. (Offered every semester.) 0 credit
  • CSD 680 - Clinical Practicum for Cognitive and Communication Disorders


    Prerequisites, CSD 620 , CSD 630 , communication sciences and disorders major. Corequisites, CSD 506 CSD 510 . Students will acquire hours of clinical experience in the on-campus Learning Lab setting. Clinical contact will include linguistically and culturally diverse populations. Students may enroll in more than one section per term. P/NP. May be repeated for credit. (Offered every semester.) 0 credit
  • CSD 685 - Clinical Practicum for Cognitive and Communication Disorders


    Prerequisites, CSD 610, CSD 620 CSD 630 . Corequisites, CSD 506 CSD 510 . Students will acquire hours of clinical experience in the on-campus Learning Lab setting. Clinical contact will include linguistically and culturally diverse populations. P/NP. (Offered summer.) 0 credit
  • CSD 698 - Capstone or Thesis Project


    Prerequisites, CSD 500 , CSD 501 , CSD 502 , CSD 503 , CSD 504 , CSD 505 , CSD 506 , CSD 507 , CSD 508 , CSD 509 , CSD 510 , CSD 511 , CSD 512 , CSD 517 , Communication sciences and disorders major. Corequisites, CSD 515 , CSD 516 . Students conduct and write a thesis or capstone project, take the comprehensive exam and prepare for national praxis exam in speech language pathology. Successful completion of this course results in program director recommendation for speech language pathology preliminary SLP service credential, clinical fellowship year (CF), required professional experience (RPE), national praxis examination. (Offered summer.) 2 credits

Marriage and Family Therapy

  • MFT 516 - Assessment of Individuals and Families


    Prerequisites, MFT 570 , or concurrent enrollment, and marriage and family therapy major. A study of the clinical application of researched and scientifically-based psychological assessment instruments and processes designed specifically for marriage and family therapy practice. The course includes how to administer and interpret objective measures of family/marital dynamics, cognitive functioning, personality, and psychopathology. Content also includes conducting clinical interviews, the writing of intake summaries, and creation of assessment-based treatment plans. (Offered spring semester.) 2 credits
  • MFT 532 - Research and Bibliographic Methods


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. This course examines essential issues in bibliographic search, research design and methodology relevant to marriage and family therapy research. Students are exposed to quantitative and qualitative approaches with a focus on developing critical evaluative skills when examining theoretical, assessment-focused, and treatment outcome research. Students learn the steps involved in Evidence Based Practice and how to apply them in treatment planning and implementation. Students are also expected to develop a research proposal highlighting the research question, research design, sampling procedure, steps involved in data collection and data analysis along with a focus on issues related to internal and external validity. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 533 - Psychopharmacology for Marriage and Family Therapists


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. This course uses a biopsychosocial model to examine a wide range of brain-behavior relationships, such as the history and use of psychopharmacology for the treatment of mental disorders as well as the cultural views of mental disorders and medications used for those disorders. This course will present an overview of neurobiology and the mechanisms of action, side effects, and relevant issues associated with the major psychotropic medications and will explore the role of gender, race, culture, age, comorbid psychological and medical disorders, and other variables that impact the use of, and response to, various psychopharmacological interventions. (Offered summer.) 3 credits
  • MFT 541 - Theories I


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. This course provides a survey of the major theoretical approaches from a systems perspective that are used with individuals, couples, families, and children in the practice of marriage and family therapy. Theories covered include psychodynamic, humanistic/experiential, cognitive-behavioral, family systems, and mindfulness-based therapies. The course provides an in-depth examination of these theories while examining how family-of-origin, gender, and culture impact family dynamics. Didactic and experiential modes of learning are used to deepen course material. Material from this course will prepare the student for the licensure as a marriage and family therapist in the state of California. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 556 - Theories II


    Prerequisites, MFT 541 , marriage and family therapy major. This course provides a continuation of the survey of the major theoretical approaches from a systems perspective that are used with individuals, couples, families and children in the practice of marriage and family therapy. Theories covered include Bowen family systems, structural, strategic, Milan family systems, gender sensitive, solution focus, narrative, collaborative language systems and integrative models. The course provides an in-depth examination of these theories while examining how family-of-origin, gender, and culture impact family dynamics. Didactic and experiential modes of learning are used to deepen course material. Material from this course will prepare the student for the licensure as a marriage and family therapist in the state of California. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 561 - Couple Therapy


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. Couple difficulties are studied with particular emphasis placed on the unique assessment strategies necessary for conjoint evaluation and treatment. The course emphasizes emotionally focused couple therapy and other empirically supported treatment approaches. Gender, culture, sexual orientation, and social class are considered when discussing domestic violence, conceptualizing cases, creating treatment plans, and understanding the standards of practice for couple therapy. Instructor modeling and student role play demonstrations are used to facilitate learning. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 565 - Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. An examination of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, with consideration of the major types of etiologies, assessment techniques, cultural and socioeconomic implications, and treatment approaches with children and adolescents. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding diagnosis using DSM-5 criteria, case conceptualization, and treatment planning within a developmental and recovery-oriented care model. This course addresses issues in child abuse reporting and treatment for marriage and family therapists. (Offered spring semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 570 - Advanced Psychopathology and Diagnosis


    Prerequisites, abnormal psychology course, or equivalent, and marriage and family therapy major. An examination of psychopathology and diagnosis based on the DSM-5 for purposes of record keeping as well as treatment planning and treatment selection for each major disorder within marriage and family therapist’s scope of practice. Students review the etiology, symptomatology, course and prognosis of the major behavioral health disorders. Effects of the different disorders on the family, family factors contributing to the maintenance of symptoms, functions of symptoms within the family and adverse consequences of change are also discussed. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 573 - Crisis Management and Clinical Process


    Prerequisites, MFT 541 , MFT 570 , marriage and family therapy major. A professionally supervised experience designed to introduce students to the practice of marriage and family therapy in an on-site training clinic. Utilizing the principles of mental health recovery-oriented care, students learn a practical framework for gathering clinical information while understanding social and psychological implications of cultural and socioeconomic factors. Emphasis is on crisis management, including harm to self and others, trauma and issues of grief and loss. Materials will include actual paperwork from the Frances Smith Center for Individual and Family Therapy. Supervised role plays and video-taped practice sessions are used to help students learn sound therapy skills using a caring, humanistic approach. (Offered every semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 578 - Ethical and Professional Issues for Marriage and Family Therapists


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. This course examines ethical, legal, and professional issues relevant to the practice of marriage and family therapy. The AAMFT and CAMFT professional ethical codes, laws and regulations relevant to MFT practice, and contemporary practice applications are dissected with emphasis on ethical decision-making, risk management, and promoting the best interests of the client unit. Ethical issues relevant to working with diverse and disenfranchised clients are considered. Instructor modeling and student role play exercises are used to develop, enhance, and promote knowledge, competencies, self-reflection, socialization, and forging a professional MFT identity as a foundation for future practice in the field. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 582 - Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. Students examine normal sexual functioning and common types of sexual dysfunctions from a relational and systemic perspective. Students learn counseling techniques effective in the development of satisfactory sexual functioning with particular emphasis given to gender, culture and social differences in human sexuality. The interaction between physiological, psychological and social-cultural variables associated with sexual behavior and gender are emphasized in the course. Considerations of research, theory, and the application of knowledge in the prevention and remediation of dysfunctions related to human sexuality will be emphasized. (Offered spring semester.) 2 credits
  • MFT 583 - Advanced Theoretical Applications


    Prerequisites, MFT 541 , MFT 556 , marriage and family therapy major. A comprehensive overview of integrative psychotherapy applied to clinical practice. The course applies a biopsychosocial systems framework to understand the major evidence-based approaches to psychotherapy including: humanist-existential; psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and post-modern. Topics of lectures and discussions include assessment, case conceptualization, goal setting, treatment planning, and the implementation of interventions applied to individuals, couples, and families. Video demonstrations and role play enhance student learning, while case conceptualization and treatment planning are rehearsed using videos and written vignettes. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 588 - Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. An overview of current theoretical and clinical approaches to the diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholism, chemical dependencies and addictive disorders. Students review current research and program design from a family systems perspective with the goal of increasing professional awareness and skills in treating the chemically dependent family or individual. The models of substance abuse treatment, including twelve step programs, motivational interviewing and other family systems approaches will be emphasized. (Offered fall semester.) 2 credits
  • MFT 595 - Advanced Topics in Marriage and Family Therapy


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. An in-depth study of a particular topic in marriage and family therapy. May be repeated for credit in a different topic. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • MFT 605 - Group Therapy


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. This course examines the dynamics of group psychotherapy and introduces students to the conceptual and practical application of techniques and interventions to the practice of group work in various therapeutic settings. Theories used in group practice along with components, process and stage development will be emphasized in the course. An understanding of cultural, social, psychological and socio-economics pertaining to group work will also be explored. (Offered every semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 610 - Family Life Cycle and Aging


    Prerequisites, MFT 556 , marriage and family therapy major. This course provides an overview of human development across the life span from a family systems perspective. Theories related to the entire life span from conception through childhood, adolescence, adulthood and aging are reviewed with an emphasis on the impact of poverty, social class, and social insecurity on development. Focus is given to the impact of normative and non-normative life transitions in a family context. Emphasis is placed on a pluralistic understanding of families as described by cultural, family, and individual diversity. In-depth interviewing of one developmental stage is required. Perspectives on aging and end of life issues are discussed. (Offered fall semester.) 3 credits
  • MFT 618 - Diversity Issues in Therapy


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. A study of multicultural counseling emphasizing understanding and respect for the diversity of all human beings, particularly with regard to matters of race, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, religion, sexual orientation and disability. The course analyzes the cultural context of family, behavior, psychopathology, assessment and attitudes towards counseling. Utilization of mental-health services by California specific ethnic/culture-specific groups are addressed. Critical analysis is given to ethnocentrism, racism, sexism, ableism and heterosexism in society and traditional culture-bound assessment and treatment approaches. The course objective is to produce culturally competent marriage and family therapists who are aware of their own social location and how that impacts their work with clients. (Offered summer.) 3 credits
  • MFT 620 - Public Mental Health


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. An overview of the recovery model and recovery oriented mental health care practices in California public mental health. Students will learn the basic theoretical principles and practices of the recovery model. Course content includes case management, systems of care, public/private support and advocacy for working with the severely mentally ill, case management skills and community resources, disaster and trauma response counseling, and Motivational Interview techniques and collaborative treatment practices. Students will also have the opportunity to visit a site where mental health services may be provided during this course. (Offered summer.) 3 credits
  • MFT 675 - Career Counseling


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. This course explores the role of career development issues as it affects the individual, couple and family. Course content includes exploration of models of career development, work-life issues, stages of life, diversity issues and the interplay of these for the individual and their system. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • MFT 689 - Practicum II


    Prerequisites, 12 credits of completed coursework, completion of site agreement, marriage and family therapy major. Provides clinical experience in groups and/or individually of the MFT degree candidates. It is intended as the final preparation for entry into a career in the mental health field at the masters level. Students enrolled in this course are eligible to obtain hours toward licensure as a marriage and family therapist. Direct client contact hours accrued will not be included in the 300 hours required for clinical practicum. May be repeated for credit. (Offered as needed.) 1-3 credits
  • MFT 690 - Independent Internship


    This internship will give students the opportunity to earn academic credit while gaining practical work experience in the discipline of marriage and family therapy. Students will have an increased understanding of the discipline, learn job skills, increase self-confidence, and more. Students enrolled in this course are not eligible to obtain hours towards licensure as a marriage and family therapist. This course is offered year round. P/NP. May be repeated for credit. (Offered every semester.) ½-3 credits
  • MFT 694 - Practicum I


    Prerequisites, candidacy standing in the marriage and family therapy major, MFT 516 , MFT 541 , MFT 556 , MFT 561 , MFT 565 , MFT 570 , MFT 573 , MFT 578 , MFT 583 , MFT 618 . Provides supervised clinical experience in groups and individually for MFT candidates. It is intended as the final preparation for entry into a career in the mental health field at the master’s level. The course must be taken for three consecutive semesters during which students will complete a capstone project culminating in a formal capstone presentation during their final semester. Students enrolled in this course are eligible to obtain hours toward licensure as a marriage and family therapist. Direct client contact hours accrued will be included in the 300 hours required for clinical practicum. Graded. May be repeated for credit. (Offered every semester, and interterm.) 1-3 credits
  • MFT 695 - Advanced Topics in Counseling


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. An in-depth study of a particular topic in marriage and family therapy. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • MFT 696 - Practicum Collaborations


    Prerequisites, candidacy standing in the marriage and family therapy major, MFT 516 , MFT 541 , MFT 556 , MFT 561 , MFT 565 , MFT 570 , MFT 573 , MFT 578 , MFT 583 , MFT 618 . Corequisite, MFT 694 . Provides supervised clinical experience individually for MFT candidates at locations outside the Frances Smith Center. The Marriage and Family Therapy program has established collaborations with other sites in the community to provide students with opportunities for enhanced experiences with diverse populations. It is intended as the final preparation for entry into a career in the mental health field at the master’s level. The course may be taken for 1-3 semesters. There will be more than one type of clinical placement offered each semester. Students enrolled in this course are eligible to obtain hours toward licensure as a marriage and family therapist. Direct client contact hours accrued will be included in the 300 hours required for clinical practicum. The supervisor will be the supervisor of record for the student and sign-off on all related documentation. May be repeated for credit. (Offered every semester.) 1-2 credits
  • MFT 699 - Individual Study


    Prerequisite, marriage and family therapy major. Advanced supervised individual study or research on a special problem or in a selected area. (Offered as needed.) 1-3 credits

Physical Therapy

  • PT 510 - Functional Human Anatomy I


    Corequisite, PT 510L . This course on human anatomy builds upon prerequisite coursework to provide a strong foundation in applied functional anatomy for the DPT student. The musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems are emphasized, but histology, radiology, and organ systems also are included. Lecture sessions require students to think critically as they apply their knowledge. (Offered as needed.) 4 credits
  • PT 510L - Functional Human Anatomy I Laboratory


    Corequisite, PT 510 . This laboratory course on human anatomy builds upon prerequisite coursework to provide a strong foundation in applied functional anatomy for the DPT student. The musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems are emphasized, but histology, radiology, and organ systems also are included. Interactive laboratory sessions require students to think critically as they apply their knowledge. (Offered as needed.) 1½ credits
  • PT 511 - Biomechanics of Human Movement


    Prerequisite, physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 511L . This course provides a foundational understanding of basic biomechanical principles emphasizing the biomechanics of human tissue and the body as a whole, together with methods of human motion analysis. The student will participate in both lecture and interactive laboratory sessions that will include scientific evidence for support of biomechanical principles. Coursework is designed specifically for the DPT student and begins development of clinical judgment skills in motion analysis. (Offered as needed.) 2 credits
  • PT 511L - Biomechanics of Human Movement Lab


    Prerequisite, physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 511 . This laboratory course on applied human biomechanics builds upon requisite coursework to provide a strong foundation in applied functional biomechanics for the DPT student. Instrumentation is emphasized, but theory with a focus on Newtonian physics also are included. Interactive laboratory sessions require students to think critically as they apply their knowledge. (Offered as needed.) 1 credit
  • PT 512 - Kinesiological Motion Analysis


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 511 , PT 511L , PT 513 . Corequisite, PT 512L . This course further develops the students’ understanding of human movement by applying biomechanical principles to individual joint mechanics both ideal and pathological, and by observational analysis of human motion including gait. The student will participate in both lecture and interactive laboratory sessions that provide scientific evidence of joint mobility and results of motion deviations. Coursework is designed specifically for the DPT student and continues development of clinical judgment skills while integrating personal and cultural values and skills. (Offered as needed.) 2 credits
  • PT 512L - Kinesiology Lab


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 511 , PT 511L , PT 513 . Corequisite, PT 512 . This laboratory course builds upon requisite coursework to provide a strong foundation in applied functional human movement for the DPT student. Applied functional anatomy, with a focus on joint architecture, muscle function, and neuromuscular integration of movement effectiveness and efficiency is emphasized. Interactive laboratory sessions require students to think critically as they apply their knowledge. (Offered as needed.) 1 credit
  • PT 513 - Developmental Anatomy


    A lecture course on human developmental anatomy, with an emphasis on the normal development of the systems of the body. Selected congenital anomalies and the mechanisms underlying them will also be presented. Students are required to integrate material from this course with that from their prerequisite course work and related course content across the Physical Therapy curriculum. Students must also think critically, solve problems, and assess the relevant scientific literature as they apply their knowledge. (Offered as needed.) 1 credit
  • PT 521 - Applied Neurophysiology


    Prerequisites, PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 525 . Corequisites, PT 523 , PT 523L . This course is designed to provide the DPT student with a foundational understanding of the normal excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of the nervous system. The student will participate in both lecture and discussion that will include the scientific evidence for neurological principles. Clinical applications, problem-solving, and critical thinking are emphasized. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • PT 522 - Functional Human Neuroanatomy I


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 525 , with a grade of “C” or better. Corequisite, PT 522L . This course covers the normal structure and function of the human nervous system, with an emphasis on the central nervous system. Selected case studies of pathological conditions of the nervous system are presented. Students participate in both lecture and interactive laboratory sessions (PT 522L ) that require them to think critically and apply their knowledge to clinical scenarios. (Offered as needed.) 1½ credits
  • PT 522L - Functional Human Neuroanatomy I Laboratory


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 525 , with a grade of “C” or better. Corequisite, PT 522 . This course covers the normal structure and function of the human nervous system, with an emphasis on the central nervous system. Selected case studies of pathological conditions of the nervous system are presented. Students participate in interactive laboratory sessions that require them to think critically and apply their knowledge to clinical scenarios. (Offered as needed.) ½ credit
  • PT 523 - Functional Human Neuroanatomy II


    Prerequisites, PT 522 , PT 522L . Corequisite, PT 523L . This course builds upon the foundation established in PT 522 . After gaining an understanding of the relationships between structure and function in the nervous system, students will focus on the inter-relationships between the various systems. Clinical reasoning and problem solving are facilitated through case studies, clinical scenarios, and discussing the current literature. (Offered as needed.) 2½ credits
  • PT 523L - Functional Human Neuroanatomy II Laboratory


    Prerequisites, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 522 , PT 522L  with a grade of C or better. Corequisite, PT 523 . This course builds upon the foundation established in PT 522 . After gaining an understanding of the relationships between structure and function in the nervous system, students will focus on the inter-relationships between the various systems. Clinical reasoning and problem solving are facilitated through case studies, clinical scenarios, and discussing the current literature. (Offered as needed.) ½ credit
  • PT 525 - Clinical Pathophysiology: General Medicine


    Prerequisite, physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 525L . This course provides a foundational understanding of human physiology and pathology, emphasizing general medicine diseases and disorders encountered by physical therapists. The course integrates relevant aspects of biochemistry and neurophysiology, epidemiology, pathophysiological processes, medical and pharmacological management, and implications and indications for physical therapy. (Offered as needed.) 4 credits
  • PT 525L - Clinical Pathophysiology Lab


    Prerequisite, physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 525 . This laboratory course will provide the opportunity to apply and examine pathophysiological processes related to physical therapist practice. (Offered as needed.) 1 credit
  • PT 526 - Clinical Pathology: Orthopedic


    Prerequisites, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 525 , PT 525L , physical therapy major, or consent of instructor. Corequisites, PT 530 , PT 531 , PT 531L . This course provides the foundational understanding of orthopedic diseases and disorders encountered by physical therapists. This lecture course covers the epidemiology, pathophysiological processes, medical management, pharmacological management and implications and indications for physical therapy of these disorders to prepare the student for the clinical courses and clinical experiences to follow. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • PT 527 - Clinical Pathology: Neurology


    Prerequisites, PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 525 , PT 525L , PT 526 , PT 530 , PT 531 , PT 531L . Corequisites, PT 521 , PT 523 , PT 523L . This course provides the foundational understanding of neurological diseases and disorders encountered by physical therapist. The lecture provides an overview of the assessment and management from a medical model perspective, which includes: incidence, etiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment (including pharmacology), and prognosis of diseases/disorders associated within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Specific implications for physical therapy utilizing the Elements of the Patient/Client Management Model and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification for Functioning, Disability, and Handicap (ICF) Model are discussed. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • PT 530 - Physical Therapy Examination


    Prerequisites, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 511 , PT 513 , PT 525 , PT 525L , physical therapy major, or consent of instructor. Corequisites, PT 526 , PT 531 , PT 531L . This course is the first in the series of clinical courses where students learn to deliver excellent patient care. Through lecture and laboratory experiences, students learn the theory and technique of basic patient screening and examination procedures as well as develop clinical judgment skills to complete the patient evaluation. (Offered as needed.) 4 credits
  • PT 531 - General Medicine Practice Management


    Prerequisites, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 525 , PT 525L , physical therapy major, or consent of instructor. Corequisites, PT 526 , PT 530 , PT 531L . This lecture course covers the physical therapy management of patients with general medical conditions in a variety of practice settings with particular emphasis in the acute care setting. Basic patient handling and functional training skills are emphasized while students incorporate patient examination findings into their treatment intervention choices. Medical documentation using a S,O,A,P format is introduced. This course also includes a major unit on wound management. (Offered as needed.) 2 credits
  • PT 531L - General Medicine Practice Management Laboratory


    Prerequisites, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 525 , PT 525L , physical therapy major, or consent of instructor. Corequisites, PT 526 , PT 530 , PT 531 . This laboratory course examines the physical therapy management of patients with general medical conditions in a variety of practice settings with particular emphasis in the acute-care setting. Basic patient handling and functional training skills are emphasized while students incorporate patient examination findings into their treatment intervention choices. Medical documentation using a S,O,A,P format is introduced. This lab also includes a unit on wound management. (Offered as needed.) 2 credits
  • PT 535 - Musculoskeletal Practice Management I: Lower Quarter


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 511 , PT 512 , PT 525 , PT 525L , PT 526 , PT 530 . This course is the first in a two part clinical series designed to prepare the DPT student to be excellent at management of musculoskeletal disorders. This series emphasizes an integrated examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention approach. This course focuses on musculoskeletal disorders of the lower extremity, lumbar, and sacroiliac joints and is designed to integrate basic science principles with personal and cultural values and skills to deepen and hone professional clinical judgment. (Offered as needed.) 5 credits
  • PT 539 - Physical Agents


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 510 , PT 525 . This lecture and lab course will integrate basic science into patient case studies so students may use critical thinking and problem-solving skills to select optimal physical therapy treatment interventions using physical agents. Evaluation and treatment of muscle and nerve dysfunction using therapeutic modalities, assessment and management of pain and wounds will also be addressed. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • PT 591 - Clinical Practicum I


    Introduction to clinical education, behavioral expectations for physical therapists, and clinical opportunities to practice physical therapy skills in health care. P/NP. (Offered as needed.) 1 credit
  • PT 610 - Functional Human Anatomy II


    Prerequisite, PT 510 , PT 510L  with a grade of C or better, PT 689 , and PT 692 , or PT 693 . This is the second in the series of two human anatomy courses designed specifically for the DPT student. Students will dissect the components of the human body and study the interrelationships between structure and function with regard to normal and pathological conditions. Students are required to think critically, solve problems, and assess the scientific literature as they apply their knowledge to clinical scenarios and integrate the coursework with that of other courses in the curriculum. (Offered as needed.) 2 credits
  • PT 629 - Experimental Course


    Prerequisite, consent of instructor. This course is designed to provide additional opportunities to explore areas and subjects of special interest to the physical therapy field. It may be repeated for credit provided the course content is different. Number of credits will be determined according to the specified topic and objectives. (Offered as needed.) 1-6 credits
  • PT 638 - Musculoskeletal Practice Management II: Upper Quarter


    Prerequisites, PT 521 , PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 523 , PT 523L , PT 535 . This course is the second in a two part clinical series designed to prepare the DPT student to be excellent with management of musculoskeletal disorders. This series emphasizes an integrated examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention approach and this course focuses on musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity, cervical spine, head and thorax. Coursework is designed to integrate basic science principles with personal and cultural values and skills to deepen and hone professional clinical judgment. (Offered as needed.) 4 credits
  • PT 640 - Neurological Practice Management


    Prerequisites, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 511 , PT 512 , PT 512L , PT 521 , PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 523 , PT 523L , PT 525 , PT 525L , PT 527 , PT 530 , PT 531 , PT 531L , physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 640L . Theory and principles of motor control and motor learning will be applied to the management of the patient with neurologic dysfunction. Neuro-facilitation and task-oriented approaches to examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention will be investigated. Course must be taken concurrently with laboratory. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • PT 640L - Neurological Practice Management Laboratory


    Prerequisites, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 511 , PT 512 , PT 512L , PT 521 , PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 523 , PT 523L , PT 525 , PT 525L , PT 527 , PT 530 , PT 531 , PT 531L , physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 640 . Theory and principles of motor control and motor learning will be applied to the management of the patient with neurologic dysfunction. Neuro-facilitation and task-oriented approaches to examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention will be investigated. This laboratory course is partnered with the lecture component. (Offered as needed.) 2 credits
  • PT 641 - Rehabilitation Practice Management


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 510 , PT 510L , PT 521 , PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 523 , PT 523L , PT 525 , PT 525L , PT 527 , PT 530 , PT 640 , PT 640L , PT 689 , and PT 692  or PT 693 . This course prepares physical therapist students to deliver excellent patient care in the rehabilitation environment. Included in this course are the respective roles of members of the rehabilitation team, patient examination, goal setting, and treatment planning including orthotic and prosthetic prescription and management, wheelchair and other adaptive equipment evaluation and prescription, pathological gait analysis, evaluation of home accessibility and discharge planning. Students will explore the challenges encountered by physical therapists in the rehabilitation environment through lecture, directed readings, classroom discussions and laboratory activities. (Offered as needed.) 4 credits
  • PT 643 - Motor Control and Motor Learning


    Prerequisites, PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 523 , PT 523L , physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 643L . This course introduces the science of motor control/motor learning including the neuromotor processes that underlie normal and abnormal movement. Theories of motor learning and mechanisms for acquisition of skill are discussed. Neuromotor and neuropsychological research are investigated and clinical implications are discussed. (Offered as needed.) 2 credits
  • PT 643L - Motor Control and Motor Learning Laboratory


    Prerequisites, PT 522 PT 522L , PT 523 , PT 523L , physical therapy major. Corequisite, PT 643 . This laboratory introduces the science of motor control/motor learning including the neuromotor processes that underlie normal and abnormal movement. Applications of theories of motor control/learning and mechanisms for acquisition of skill are examined and applied to physical therapy practice. Neuromotor and neuropsychological research are investigated and clinical implications are discussed. (Offered as needed.) 1 credit
  • PT 646 - Cardiopulmonary Practice Management


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 525 , PT 525L , PT 689 , and PT 692  or PT 693 . This course prepares PT students to deliver excellent patient care to patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. Students gain an overview of cardiopulmonary pathophysiology and the comprehensive physical therapy management of patients with cardiopulmonary diseases through lecture and lab activities. (Offered as needed.) 3 credits
  • PT 647 - Pediatric Practice Management


    Prerequisites, physical therapy major, PT 522 , PT 522L , PT 523 , PT 523L , PT 689 , and PT 692  or PT 693 . Corequisite, PT 647L . This lecture course prepares physical therapy students to meet entry-level physical therapy to pediatric clients in all practice settings. Patient examination, evaluation, goal setting, and intervention will be discussed in relation to commonly encountered pediatric diagnoses. Environmental, cultural, legislative, and legal issues that affect the delivery of care are explored. (Offered as needed.) 1½ credits
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